What is the role of the ciliated epithelia as a defense barrier of the mammalian respiratory system?

• It acts to move mucus that has trapped bacteria out of the upper respiratory tract via the mucocociliary escalator.

List four examples of “exterior” innate immune defense mechanisms.

• lysozyme, external skin, epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, mucociliary escalator, fatty acids, low pH, defensins, cryptidins, normal flora microorganisms.

Name 3 different types of “pathogen associated molecular patterns” of bacteria that result in the activation of the “acute phase response” of the innate immune system.

• Lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, lipoproteins, flagella, unmethylated CpG DNA sequences.

Adaptive immunity that involves CD4+ lymphocytes and a Th2-like response results in what type of immune effector molecules or cells? What type of bacterial pathogenic strategy are these effector molecules most effective against.

• A humoral or antibody response and this is most effective against extracellular pathogens.

How does mucus production function as a defense mechanism in the upper respiratory tract of mammals, including humans?

• Mucus is produced by cells lining the upper respiratory tract, the mucus entraps bacteria, the mucus entrapped bacteria are moved out of the respiratory tract by ciliated epithelial cells (upward motion of the cilia) into the mouth where they are swallowed and deposited into the stomach. The lungs.

How do members of the normal bacterial flora serve as a defense mechanism against potential bacterial pathogens?

Name 2 ways in which the activated complement system defensively works during an innate immune response?

Name 2 types of professional phagocytes and describe in general terms how they engulf and destroy microorganisms?

Name 3 different types of bacterial PAMPs that stimulate the acute phase response of innate immunity?

Adaptive immunity that involves CD4+ lymphocytes and a Th1-like response results in what type of immune effector molecules or cells? What type of bacterial pathogenic strategy are these effector molecules or cells most effective against?

Name 2 ways in which specific antibody functions defensively against a bacterial pathogen?

List three examples of “chemical” exterior innate immune defense mechanisms.

• fatty acids, enzymes (lysozyme or pepsin), low pH, antibacterial peptides (defensins or cryptidins)

Name 2 different types of bacterial “pathogen associated molecular patterns” that result in the activation of the “acute phase response” of the innate immunity.

• LPS, Lipoteichoic acids, lipoproteins or lipopeptides, peptidoglycan, flagella, unmethylated GC sequences

What are the surface receptors on macrophages, PMNs, and epithelial cells that PAMPS bind?

• Toll-like receptors or TLRs

What general types of chemical messengers are released from these cells that modulate and mediate the “acute phase response”?

• Pro-inflammatory cytokines or cytokines

Adaptive immunity that involves T-cell receptor recognition on CD4+ lymphocytes and a Th2-like response results in what type of immune effector molecules or cells? What type of bacterial pathogenic strategy are these effector molecules or cells most effective against.

• Antibody (Humoral immunity). Extracellular pathogens